git diff

Diff commit before HEAD and HEAD:

$ git diff HEAD^ HEAD
$ git diff HEAD^..HEAD
$ git diff @^ @
$ git diff @^..@

Diff file.txt from commit before HEAD and HEAD:

$ git diff HEAD^ HEAD -- file.txt
$ git diff HEAD^..HEAD -- file.txt
$ git diff @^ @ -- file.txt
$ git diff @^..@ -- file.txt

Just changes (no context, no diff markers):

$ git diff --unified=0 --color-words | grep -P -v "^[\x03-\x1F]\[(1|36)m"